Assignment 1 - Storyboarding - Convince the Investors!

Assignment 1 - Story boarding - Convince the Investors!

Scenario
You are employed by an independent film studio which is seeking financial backing for a large scale movie project. Investors need assurance that the visual planning of the movie will be highly effective and so you have been given the task of preparing a visual report to demonstrate and evaluate the effectiveness of a range of storyboards across different production contexts.

What is a storyboard?
A storyboard is a drawn representation of the artistic views and intentions of the filming crew. A storyboard is used to set out how the film will be shot before the day of the shoots, making for a more efficient production. Pretty much everyone on set will be using the storyboard, mainly being the actors and the director, as it can give them an idea of how to frame each shot, as well as the movement of their character, and how close/far they should be from the camera, in an ideal world. Below is an example of a storyboard from Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. It shows the collapse of the wall of prophecies, with Harry and his friends attempting to escape from the department of mysteries.

This storyboard is useful for the director, (in this case David Yates) because it shows exactly the kind of shot that is required to have the effect that they are trapped. It gave Yates a clear understanding of the visuals, and the artistic interpretation of the scene from the book to screen. For this reason, it would also be vital to the camera crew for getting the right shot in comparison to the artistic intentions.

History of Story boarding
The storyboard can be found as credited to Webb Smith, an animator at Disney. He supposedly came up with the idea of drawing scenes on separate pieces of paper, and pinning them up on a bulletin board to tell a story in a sequence.
The film that was first story boarded by Webb Smith was the Three Little Pigs, and the way that his storyboards were laid out is shown in the pictures below.

As much as the storyboard was credited to Webb Smith, it was actually George Melies who was the first person to use the storyboard for a production. George Melies storyboard was used as early as 1902, for his film "A Trip to the Moon", whereas Webb Smith's storyboard was created in the 1930's. George Melies used the storyboard, but never actually named it as such, whereas Webb Smith actually coined the term, and used them consistently.

Live Action Films that are storyboarded

In terms of live action films, one of the first to ever include a storyboard as part of the pre-production process was "Gone With the Wind" (1939). Gone With the Wind is a 20th Century "epic historical romance" film. It shows the main character, Scarlet O'Hara's survival throughout the harsh history of the US, with Civil war and Reconstruction. It also plays around Scarlet's love affairs with two different characters. This is known as the first live action film to be story-boarded, and it showed through its success how important the storyboard was, and would become in the future.

 

Nowadays, storyboards are pivotal to films and TV shows, and are used in every production from smaller, lower budget films ranging up to the high end blockbusters that are released. They include text which instructs the cast and crew, and over time have grown to be vital to ensuring an efficient production process. Below is an example of the storyboard from "Gone With the Wind" as well as a storyboard from Scott Pilgrim vs the World (2010).

 

It is clear from the comparison between the two that storyboards have developed over time. One clear difference is the fact that the script has been included on the side of the storyboard. Also, around the sides of each sketch are notes which have been added for the ease of use for the director, acorns and camera operators. Each storyboard slot is split into multiple sketches, which conveys the developments that editing in films has received over many years. below is the ending from Scott Pilgrim vs the World. In the clip, you can see the inspiration that the film had taken from the storyboard, and how the director and actors used it to recreate the initial intention of the story-boarder

Films

This example of a storyboard from film is a good example of the detail that is put into modern day storyboards. It comes from Spider-Man 2 (2004), and shows a sequence between Spider-Man and Doctor Octopus, where they are fighting on the train. This storyboard is highly detailed, and includes every intricate part of the frame. This is critical for making sure that the artistic interpretation of the story boarder is clearly communicated across to every single crew member. This storyboard is good in the way that the illustrations clearly demonstrate what is supposed to be going on in the scene. There are clear annotations in the form of text and arrows which direct the characters or objects which are moving across the screen. As good as the storyboard for Spider-Man 2 is, it seems to be lacking in description. There is almost no information on the shot length, which may be a problem for the director and camera crew. Further issues could arise for the camera operators, as there is nothing telling them how to move the camera, or the kind of shot they are supposed to be taking. Problems could further arise for the actors here, as they is no direction to how fast they're moving, or anything relating to how they should actually perform in the scene. One more potential issue with this storyboard is that there is no clear connection between each shot (i.e. shot numbering). As much as it is just left to right, this could, as unlikely as it would be, subtract from the efficiency of the production. 

This is an example of a storyboard which contains each detail which is required for each member of the cast and crew to create a compelling sequence. This storyboard comes from Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and visually displays the sequence in which Harry and Ron fight a mountain troll in the girls' bathroom. This storyboard has the relevant detail in each sector, this time only missing the camera shot type. It has a clear and obvious illustration, which shows each shot in sequence with the last (labelled A B C and D). This storyboard also gives context to the scene that it is illustrating (SCENE 104 CONT - GIRLS BATHROOM - NIGHT). Similarly to the Spider-Man 2 storyboard, it has annotations on the actual illustrations themselves, which is useful for the actors to use. It also has descriptions of each shot to the right of the drawing. This can be used by both the cast and crew, and will increase efficiency as they will know exactly what they're doing. This storyboard is beneficial to the camera operators, as it tells them exactly what to do at each point in the scene, with the note: "As he stands, CAM rises with him". This also helps the editors when it comes to putting the scene into the final film. It tells them that they need to cut the clip at a certain point. For example, between shot 3 and 4, it tells the editor to cut after "the tap hits the wall". This helps the editors decision making, but also gives them freedom to discover how long they can hold the shot for, with it still being effective.

Evaluation

For Films, storyboards are vital to ensuring efficiency when it comes to the shooting process. They make sure that every single member of the crew is on the same page for a shot, maximising the effectiveness and quality of each shot. Without a visual representation, it could lead to on the spot decisions being made by the director or cast, and as much as improvisation in some areas work really well, it is generally best to have a clear plan of what you want to do and improvise around it rather than improvising everything. The only potential problem with story boarding is that you will need to hire a storyboard artist, which will increase cost and time for the final production. However, I personally think that it would be highly useful to spend time with a storyboard artist, or spend the money to have them working on the film, as they are vital to the creative process.

Storyboards in TV

This storyboard is a highly detailed storyboard from the Netflix Original series Stranger Things. This storyboard is essential to be easily understood, as it comes from the opening of the show. Having a good opening to a show is incredibly important, because the opening shots in a show or a film can shape the entirety of the audiences opinion on the franchise. This storyboard is useful for the cast as it clearly displays their expected facial expressions and actions across the whole scene. The notes around each frame are concise but detailed, which gives a clear idea to the cameramen of the shot type for each scene. This storyboard shows the director and cameramen that "a series of Close Ups" are required for the scene. Each frame possesses a detailed explanation of what is required from each shot, which puts the crew and cast at ease when interpreting the scenes in comparison to their scripts, shooting scripts, and their own ideas about the production.

This storyboard comes from Game of Thrones, and in as much as the detail in the actual frames is incredibly high, it might be difficult for the crew to fully grasp the concept that the artist is trying to present. There is no mention through the entire storyboard of anything for the cast or crew to actually do, how to move in relation to the camera, or how to even move the camera. Without the detail in writing, this storyboard would only really be useful for the cast, as they can use it in comparison with the script, but even then there might be a level of confusion among them.

Evaluation

Similarly to Film, storyboards are almost vital in TV, because the way they are produced is so similar to that of a film. each shot must be planned carefully, and this can be helped by the use of the storyboard. The only issue would be the hiring of an artist, which could be costly at a high level. As long as the storyboard details everything that is necessary, I would say that for a TV show it is one of the most important parts of the pre production process.

Video Game Storyboards

Storyboards in video games are vastly different in some areas to that of a film or a TV show. The main difference is that the interactions of the characters are based on the players own movement. This makes it difficult to storyboard for free-roam scenes as the character could go literally anywhere. However, by applying the same logic, it could be considered easier, as the animators behind the game can animate any camera angles and situations that they want. 

Newer video games like Until Dawn, a horror game in which you play every character in a large group, making decisions which affect the survival of you and the others, used real actors, and then used CGI suits to create the effect that they are animated as characters

in the game.

The first storyboard is from a cut scene within a game. A cut scene is a part of a video game where the characters movements are set in stone, and cannot be changed. Cut scenes are generally used to bridge between two playable parts of a game, and give the player more information about the following events of the game. The annotations are heavy on this storyboard, giving it a lot of detail, which makes it much easier to understand. A large part of RPG videogames in the modern day is the science behind each cut scene, and how it can foreshadow forthcoming events, or even just look aesthetically pleasing. Therefore, having a detailed storyboard would be highly useful.

This storyboard details a character from Fallout 3 (2008). Storyboarding a character is useful in videogames because it can give the designers and developers a deeper understanding of the character they are creating and animating. Without a character storyboard, they would be much less detailed, and each character within a video game would seems irrelevant and uninteresting. For this reason, developers will storyboard ideas for characters to keep them more detailed, including costume and props which they may have, as well as the design of their construction as a creature, if that is the direction the developers wish to take.

Comparisons

After doing research into these three different kinds of storyboard, I began to notice different aspects that fall under certain types of storyboard.

For film and TV, the storyboards are generally quite similar. The main difference being that TV storyboards are much shorter than that of a storyboard for a film. A storyboard for a TV show will be planned for a 30-60 minute production, and most film storyboards are planned for over 2 hours.

Within these storyboards, the panels are drawn to match the idea of the camera shots. Usually these are mid shots or closeups, due to the restrictions of filming in some locations without a green screen.

Within a video game, however, the creation of it comes through animation, and so the storyboard artist and game designers have full creative control over the type of shot they wish to pull off.

Animatic

Unit 21 - Film Editing - Editing Throughout the Years

Learning Aim A: Understand the techniques and application of editing for film and television

Intro
I have applied to become an editor at a film studio, and as part of their process of applying, I am writing a report which shows my understanding of the techniques and application of editing in both film and television. Editing can be defined as the digital manipulation of video footage to create meaning within a piece of film. Editing is used to create a specific audience response such as joy or sadness.

Edison - Edison is known internationally as one of the main pioneers of film and cinema, owning a film studio in the US that made over 1200 films. He experimented with editing techniques that were new, such as jump-cuts, cross-fades and attempted invisible cuts, in films such as the 1903 "The Great Train Robbery", he cut between two seemingly identical clips of the interior of a train, making it seem as though there was no cut between the clips, when in fact a part of the set had changed, allowing for an explosion. His ideas were stolen from many British filmmakers.

Lumiere Brothers - The Lumiere Brothers were French Pioneers of film, devising one of the earliest motion picture camera, and also creating the first known "film" called "Workers Leaving The Lumiere Factory". This was a clip of people leaving the Lumiere Factory. It had no narrative, but paved the way for film as a whole.

George Albert Smith - George Albert Smith was a British filmmaker and pioneer. he made the famous "The Kiss in the Tunnel", a silent short film which was the first film ever which was edited, that being between multiple clips. This use of a "straight cut" was the first ever, and paved the way for other filmmakers to edit and use transitions.

George Lucas - George Lucas is an American filmmaker and Entrepreneur. He is most know for his creation of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones film series. George Lucas is most known for his use of transitions, more specifically the "wipe" transition, used to bridge together two separate scenes, in completely different locations.

A1 - Types and purposes of editing for film and television

Continuity Editing
Continuity Editing is known as the Classic Hollywood style. It is comprised of seamless transitions, and is meant to be incredibly smooth and almost unnoticeable in its cuts between angles. Continuity editing is made to establish a logical understanding and coherence within each scene, making a clear narrative. It makes the editing "invisible", helping the flow of the film and the narrative as a whole. Continuity Editing

Non Continuity Editing
With non continuity editing, the shots are purposely mismatched and arranged in a different order. Non Continuity editing involved montages and flashbacks, where the chronological fashion of the film is disturbed. This is done to misshape reality, and change the order of events for the purpose of showing the audience a past/present. The purpose of editing is to tell a story, and with non continuity editing you can show every side from different perspective.

Purpose of Editing
Editing can be used to compress or stretch time, depending on the situation you are in. Editing can be used to make one minute in real time feel like a few seconds, or make a few seconds feel like 5 minutes. Fast Paced cuts within a film can make the actual amount of time that a scene is on screen for seem much quicker than it really is. It can also be used to slow time, in a really intense situation.

Within a piece of film, the audience must be able to visualize the space between each character. This can be done in a variety of different ways, by clever editing and camera angles. The camera will be placed generally on some kind of line of axis, level with one character. When the camera cuts, the other shot will be at the same distance, creating a virtual space between the characters. The use of a two-shot or master shot is useful here as it can give the audience an idea of the real space between them, such as being sat together at a dinner table, or shouting to one another from atop a balcony to the ground.

The use of fast, straight cuts can be used to increase the pace of a film, as it will seem like everything is sporadic and uncontrollable, creating a faster pace. Similarly, film can be manipulated to create a slow pace. Using slow cross fades between shots can lengthen a scene and make it seem like it takes longer than it actually does.

Functions of Editing for Film and Television

Create Narrative - The creation of narrative can be a difficult concept within film, but it is generally done in a number of ways. Motivated editing is a technique in which the audience are made to suspend disbelief of the action on screen. The shots are chosen with detail, and this drives the story further. It is an easy and effective way of engaging the audience within a story line. It involves them to the point that they believe that what they are watching is real, they end up bypassing the changes in shots and editing, and fully believe in what they are watching, and the story behind it.

Narrative can be created through the use of information being withheld or explicitly given to the audience. Withholding information can be vital to grabbing and maintaining the viewers interest. This is mainly carried out through the use of cliffhangers in TV shows such as EastEnders, where a character will look at something of screen with a shocked expression, and then the episode will end, or the scene will change. The use of Dramatic Irony can be used to give the audience information that the actors don't know. For example, in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, towards the end, where Harry and Professor Quirrell are stood staring into the Mirror of Erised, and Quirrell is looking for the stone. Harry has it, and this is seen in the shot, but Quirrell doesn't know.

Continuity can be created easily between shots, this is done by following the action on screen. This is engineered best in a chase scene, where the camera follows the action with no distractions. A full on chase scene where at one point you will see at least one character on the screen, rather than neither. This adds tension as you don't see the other character, and wonder whether they're getting away or whether they are closing in on their target.

Location changes within a continuity edit must be edited in tune to the flow of the scene itself. The switch of location must be done almost subtly, with a slow cross dissolve or wipe, rather than a straight cut. A straight cut can actually disturb and remove the audience from the film itself, ruining the immersion.

Changing the time frame can be done by using flashback or flash forwards, where the character in question sees into the future, or into the past. a great example of this is a flash forward in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016), where a Demiguise (a magical beast that is mastered in the skill of precognition) is able to see into the future, to predict the most likely event.

Empathy can easily be created for a character by the use of long, drawn out shots. This makes the scene seem longer, and more drawn out, relationg to the perspective of the character.

Juxtaposing can create a heavy sense of sadness/joy within a character. Juxtaposition is when something is portrayed as sad, for example and then is followed by something incredibly opposite.

One example from this is in the sitcom Friends, after Ross leaves the airport in the very last episode. It initially seems sad, as he returns home after Rachel turns him down. Suddenly, immediately after this, she appears at the door, stating "I got off the plane". This is an extremely quick change in atmosphere, as you change from feeling sad for Ross to feeling happy and almost ecstatic.

Another example of Juxtaposition is used in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. After the third task (the maze) is underway, Harry and Cedric both see the Triwizard cup at the end of the maze. They decide to take it together. The buildup to them reaching the cup makes it seem as though the next scene will be a celebration of the cooperation between the two Hogwarts students. Instead, the cup was a port key, and it takes them to a graveyard, where Voldemort is brought back to full form, and Cedric is killed. After a long battle inclusive of Priori Incantatem, where Harry sees Voldemort's Victims, he manages to get back to the port key with Cedric's body. Obviously, unaware of Cedric's death, the crowd erupts into applause for the two who had returned. After a second, they begin to realise that Cedric had been killed. This juxtaposition changes the mood from happy to depressing twice in a short space of time.

A2 - Applications of editing techniques

Establishing shots - an establishing shot is a shot type in which the camera is generally placed at a vantage point above the location. usually the action is unseen, but the location is discovered, and displayed to the audience. these are important to give the audience a better idea of the area and situation the characters are in. One of the most prominent examples of this is the establishing shots of Hogwarts Castle in the Harry Potter series

Cutaways and Cut-ins - These techniques are used to add context to a scene where people are talking among each other. The camera will "cut away" to something mentioned previously. One example of this could be that a character is talking about a person, and the camera will then switch to a shot of that person, interrupting the normal flow of the conversation

30 Degree Rule - This is a rule made for the flow and continuity of a film, where the cameras position must move at least 30 degrees, as to make the sequence seem as though it does not contain cuts. anything less looks similar to a jump cut, which disturbs the reality of the film.

Jump-Cutting - Jump Cutting is something generally avoided, but within a jump cut you can integrate an invisible cut, where the scene changes, but the transition itself is so smooth that it seems as though the shot is still continuing.

Shot Reverse Shot - This is used in dialogue, where two characters are talking to each other. One character will say something with the camera on them, and then the other will respond with the camera switching from one subject to the next.

180 degree rule - this is another rule relating to continuity, and keeping the flow of the production consistent. The 180 degree rule states that from the point where a subject is standing, the camera can not pass a parallel line made across the width of the set, as not to disturb the reality of the scene.

Eyeline match - the eye line match is where a character is seen looking off screen, and the shot changes to the thing they are looking at, as though they have become the camera. for example, if they were looking at a clock above a door, the camera would be tilted upwards.

Match cuts - Match on action is another continuity trick where the flow of a scene can be hugely improved. A character will do something, e.g. open a door in one shot. Halfway through this action, the shot will change, and the character will be seen continuing form the same position from a different angle. In this clip from ~Shaun of the Dead, Shaun jumps over a fence via a trampoline. This is shown from 3 different angles, where each angle seems to match with the previous

Montage - a montage is a collection of clips which are compiled together to create the illusion that something significant has changed over a period of time. This is usually seen in sport films, where the character will have a training montage, which documents their improvement. This is seen in Rocky, and it essentially shows a timeline of everything that happens along his journey. As much as montages can be used to show the progression of the character, there are other uses for montages. A montage could be used to create the illusion that a character is improving greatly, but when the montage finishes, the character is just as bad, if not worse than they were before. This could be used to create comedy, as it would defy the expectations of the viewer. Team America creates a form of satire within a montage, where the backing track narrates in a comedic way what is occurring. Usually, montages will show the progression of something, with an inspiring soundtrack. This is slightly different in Team America, as the content displayed on screen is like that of a normal montage, but the soundtrack almost makes fun of the stereotypical montage, as well as the events on screen.

Freeze Frame -  A freeze frame in film is where a piece of action is stopped during motion, creating a still image on screen. This is done to stop and appear to control time itself. It creates an encapsulation of everything on screen, giving the audience a chance to process everything that is going on. This is used at the end of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, and it signals that the character has isolated himself from his fellow students at Hogwarts. This creates foreshadowing for how the following film, Goblet of Fire will include Harry's journey through 3 tasks on his own. Another way that freeze frames are used comes from Netflix Original "Stranger Things". The four "kids" of the show are preparing for the Snow Ball, an annual dance at Hawkins High School, and whilst Mike is getting ready, his mother is barraging him with photos, which he isn't too happy with. After each photo, a freeze frame is used to show the emotion that Mike is feeling, as well as show the actual photo that was taken. (0:30-0:42).

Slow-motion - Slow motion in film is used to manipulate time, and create tension. A slow motion scene can build anticipation, bringing the viewer to the edge of their seat. Slow motion is used with time ramping, where the clip gradually develops from normal speed to slow motion, and then back to normal speed. This clip from the matrix demonstrates this, as the viewer is put on the edge of their seat, wondering whether any of the bullets will connect.

Split Screen - A split Screen in film is a shot type where multiple locations/characters are displayed at once on the screen. This is used in conversation, or to easily combine the reactions of a group. In this example from Scott Pilgrim vs. The World, it displays three different reactions from the band members. during a performance. Another example of a split screen is from The Rules of Attraction (2002). It shows two characters and the way their morning routine shapes up. This creates a contrast between the two characters. Contrasting with a split screen can also be used to create comedy, through, for example, a telephone call. Two characters could be speaking to each other over the phone, and one could be in an incredibly stressful situation, like in a crowded and messy office, with the other on a beach, lying in the sun. This creates a contrast further between characters, and can show their reactions and surroundings.

Wipes - Wipes are a technique that was popularized by George Lucas in the Star Wars films. It is a type of transition where the clip that is being displayed is replaced, vertically or horizontally across the screen, with another clip. Below is every example from the Star Wars films. They are used to signify a drastic location change.

Dissolves - a dissolve is used in film to transition between two times in a smooth and seamless way. A cross dissolve is used to signify a change in time, for example from morning to evening, or an overnight transition.

Fades - fades are usually used to transition to black or white on screen. This is done towards the end of a film/scene, or at the shine of a light on screen. They are used to bridge two separate scenes, or to show the death of a character, like in the example below

Car Chase Final Video

Car Chase Final Production

Sound Editing - Assignment 1

Find six videos, that illustrates each reason for sound recording, and analyse why the example is relevant these should be uploaded to your Prezi. Try to find a different example to the one used as an example, however if you are struggling you may use some of the same examples.

You must find videos that illustrate the following these videos must be accompanied by detailed analysis

• To compress and summarise a sound recording to fit a specific space.

• To eliminate flawed, repetitive, superfluous, uninteresting, irrelevant material from a recorded clip

• To enable recorded speech to remain legal.

• To ensure any indecent or inappropriate language is edited out

• To change the chronological or logical order of a series of sounds or speech.

• To create impact by adding sound effects and/or music between pieces of recorded speech.

1. To Compress and Summarise a sound recording, allowing it to fit a specific space

There are many instances in which sound recordings may need to be shortened down or trimmed to fit the allocated time for a piece of film or audio production. Often in media production, a scene from a film may not look quite right with a song in its entirety playing in the background. Similarly, TV Shows, specifically those with musical intros may not look quite right if the intro includes the entire 3 minutes or so of a song. As an example, the Friends theme tune plays before each episode, but only for around a minute whilst we are introduced to the characters, and the actors are credited. Below is the Friends intro sequence, as well as the entire song "I'll be there for you" by The Rembrandts.

The reason that the original song would be cut down for the beginning of each episode is because the episodes only hold a 30 minute time slot, so taking 3 minutes of this for the intro would decrease the time of the episode itself. OFCOM says that 12 minutes of adverts is the maximum per hour, and so in this case the advert breaks would last around 5-7 minutes. This would take 8-10 minutes from the run time of the show, so it is smart that they only used a minute of the song, as to only take 6-8 minutes from the total. The song has been cut down well, as it is easily recognizable to many over the world.

2. To eliminate flawed, repetitive, superfluous, uninteresting or irrelevant material from a recorded clip.

Unwanted parts of a recording will always come to be an issue for a media production. This can greatly alter the message contained within a media production, and so the correct actions must be taken to remove the audio that is not needed in the final cut. Many interviews between celebrities are cut down to remove anything that could be considered controversial, or anything that adds no real meaning to the final piece. For example, a sneeze or cough would need to be edited out of the final piece, accompanying it out would also be the ringing of a phone, or silences in between questions or answers.

The videos seen below are interviews, the first from Daniel Radcliffe, the second a video of all three of the main characters (Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson and Rupert Grint), who spoke about what it was like filming Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone. The interview with Daniel, who played Harry, is uncut, and everything between the questions can be seen, including the thought process of Daniel. In the second video, the interviews from all three have been cut up to include only the relevant quotes, as well as combining this with quotes from the films, which help the create a more intriguing and interesting video of the interviews.

3. To enable recorded speech to remain legal
The legality of a piece of audio come from the rights held by the owners of the selected clip. Most pieces of audio are copyrighted, and so they cannot be used without the rights. If someone doesn't have the rights to the audio, and they find their way into a production, they must be edited out to make sure that the clips remain legal in use. For example, if you were filming a shot and happened to "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi playing in the background, you would need to mute and dub the audio track, or mute the song and re shoot the action. This is the same for any song which is held by copyright, as well as other forms of audio such as MLK's "I have a dream" speech.

Copyrighted footage or audio usually has a line of text, something similar to "Music video by Luis Fonsi performing Despacito. (C) 2017 Universal Music Latino" to state that the video or audio belongs to them

4.To ensure any indecent or inappropriate language is edited out
Any indecent or offensive language must be removed if within samples of audio, and a big part of this is ensuring the censorship during broadcasts and other productions. This is often seen within live broadcasts of sport, where a player is at the side of the pitch, close to a camera. The cameras microphone picks up the audio from the player, and often leads to harsh consequences for the players. In the first clip, Wayne Rooney is unhappy with how the cameraman is getting incredibly close to his celebrations and so swears at him. This granted him a ban from two games, one of which was the Semi-Final of the FA Cup. Unfortunately, the broadcast team could not mute of dub over the language used by Rooney, and this is probably why he was given a ban for his actions. In the second clip, the crowd are heard, and they are chanting about how bad Sky TV is, supposedly. In this instance, the team working behind the broadcast were able to drown the crowd out with other stock audio of a crowd at a football game. They placed this over the audio track which initially had the offensive chant, as to not affect the volume of the commentary or anything else

5. To change the chronological or logical order of a series of sounds or speech.
Changing the order of sounds within a clip is incredibly useful in film trailers, where video and audio are placed out of chronological order, which gives the audience a more engaging insight into the film. If the trailers were just highlights in order then it would be less interesting for the viewer. These trailers both give good ideas of the characters and their relationships, but they leave the twists and shocks for the real film, which is effective because the audience will in no way be expecting something like that to occur. 

6. To create impact by adding sound effects and/or music between pieces of recorded speech.
Adding music or sound effects into recorded speech can be incredibly useful to display a specific message to an audience. Within pieces of speech, using music can better create the intended atmosphere. For example, in a film, if a character is hit with a piece of devastating information, the sudden introduction of a sad soundtrack can heighten the emotion in the scene. Vice versa, happy music can make the viewer feel the same as the character in the scene, all through adding more sound to the scene.
Contrapuntal sound is when the sound is the opposite of what we expect to see on screen. This can be effective to create a sense of recklessness and free will.

  

Unit 24 - Sound Editing

Can you find examples of all of the following post them on your blog with a description of the effect (in your own words)

Mood and atmosphere (how is this created and for what purpose give examples in different genres fiction and non fiction use Romantic/sad/action/ non fiction film making emphasis on reality)
Audio fade (purpose)
Dialogue(examples of different types of dialogue think mood atmosphere settings and genre)
Voice over (different settings/genres/narration ie fiction film/news/documentary)
Ambient sound (film/tv)
Soundbridge examples again different genres think Yasmin
Foley sounds (what does the foley artist do?)
Synchronous/Asynchronous
Sound Motif (TV/Film)
ADR what is it?

Mood and Atmosphere
Sound is used very often in films and TV to alter the mood and atmosphere within a scene. The sound in the background or the music in a scene can be used to create an effect which brings sadness to the audience. This is used in The Lion King, when Simba finds his father dead.

However it is not just used to create a feeling of sadness. It can be used to do the opposite, and make the audience feel happy, just as the characters do. The use of sound can also add the themes of romance or tension to something. For example, the sound in this clip is used to heighten the tension:

Audio Fades

An audio fade is the (usually gradual) increase or decrease of the level of an audio track, so that it changes from being within the scene to the scene being silent, or from a silent scene to one filled with music.

Audio fades can be particularly useful to bring a piece of audio to its end, when the actual piece may not have an obvious ending. For example, an audio fade can be used at the end of a song if the raw audio seems to be randomly cut off.
Early audio fades were used in songs for simulating real-world events. In this example, George Olsen has used the sounds of a passing train fading into the audio sequence.

Having an audio fade is crucial in circumstances where you are going to play another audio track after the current one is done. For this reason, some artificial fades are added to the music which means that the audio can be balanced out. It means that whatever the next audio track may be, it can be played without the risk of sounding messy, or distorting the other audio track that is playing.
Audio fades are further important for the professionalism of an audio or visual piece. One example of this can be seen in this short video, made for/about an e-Sports organisation. The piece is called "Clockwork 4" and is very well done and professionally made, however this can be easily forgotten by the outro to the video, in which the audio abruptly stops along with the video track. This seemingly random cut off of audio can greatly alter the experience of viewing or listening to something, making it seem rushed and unnatural.

Dialogue

Dialogue in media terms can be defined as "a conversation or exchange between two or more characters as part of a book, play or film.

In film the way that dialogue is presented can greatly alter the original meaning of a scene. One brilliant example of this is in the sentence:

"I never said he stole your bag!"

Placing emphasis on different words within the sentence can give it an entirely new meaning. You can emphasize each word along the sequence, each will make the sentence have a slightly different connotation.

"I never said he stole your bag"

Emphasis on the "I" in this sentence can imply to the listener or viewer that the person speaking didn't say the statement, however someone else might have

"I never said he stole your bag!"
This implies that the character has at no point said or even considered saying such a statement.

"I never said he stole your bag!"
This gives the idea that the character hadn't explicitly stated that he stole the bag, but could have made implications and given small hints about the matter

"I never said he stole your bag!"
Emphasis on "he" can imply that the character might have said that another person had stolen the bag, but not the person who is currently under interrogation

"I never said he stole your bag!"
This sentence now tells the reader that the character might have said previously that the person in question has misplaced or borrowed the bag, but never stole it.

"I never said he stole your bag!"
Placing emphasis on another character in the sentence can tell the listener that the speaker had said previously that "he" had stolen someone else's bag, but not the bag belonging to the character.

"I never said he stole your bag!"
Finally, this emphasis can imply that the thief had stolen other property from the character, like phone, keys or jacket, but not the bag.

ADR (Automatic Dialogue Replacement)
Automatic dialogue replacement is when audio from a scene is re-recorded, and then placed over the existing audio.
ADR is usually carried out over clips where the audio from the microphones on set is different to how it was supposed to sound, or if the microphones simply forgot how to do their job, and hardly picked up the voice of the characters.
ADR can also be used if a take is shot which was almost perfect except for one line. Instead of re-shooting the entire scene again, they would just dub the voice of the character saying the sentence correctly over what is already there. ADR is tricky to perform, as the characters speech in the re-recorded audio must perfectly match what is going on throughout the clip, with the speech matching the mouth movement exactly, which can be very difficult and tedious.
Below is an example in The Great Gatsby where ADR has been used for the lines whilst driving. It is clear that the audio doesn't match the movement of the mouths, and makes for a confusing looking piece, with the audience possibly wondering who is actually talking.

Foley Sounds

Foley sounds are a reproduction of normal, everyday sounds which are added to a film in post production. Foley sounds are performed by people called Foley artists, who work in a studio, using different objects to create a more enhanced audio experience. The reproduced sounds can be things like footsteps of a character, doors shutting behind characters or the sound of breaking glass.

Foley sounds are generally used to enhance the sounds in a scene, if the sounds recorded during the scene don't suffice, or give the intended effect. For example, if in a scene, the closing of a door is important, a Foley may need to be added afterwards, so that more emphasis can be placed on the closure.

Synchronous and Asynchronous sound
Synchronous sound can be defined as "sound that is matched to the action that is happening on screen". It means that the sound we hear is linked to what we're seeing, like footsteps or speaking. It matches in timing, and generally matches in atmosphere too.

Asynchronous sound on the other hand is sound that is either out of sync with whats happening on screen, or does not match the tone or atmosphere. Another term for this is "contrapuntal sound". The mood changes based on the music, for example when a serial killer enters, and "Walking on Sunshine" is playing, it is Asynchronous. Asynchronous can also be used if the audio is playing in one scene, whilst a shot from another scene is visually displayed. For example, if a character has a long monologue, you could use asynchronous sound to cut to other shots, as to not bore the viewer whilst constantly on the same shot.

Ambient sound
Ambiance within films and TV can help immerse the audience, and believe that they are within the scene. For example, a scene in a factory may have the clanking of metal and whirring of machines in the background, used to create a more realistic atmosphere within the scene. This can also be used for example in a coffee shop, with people talking to each other, footsteps and the baristas serving customers.

Sound Motifs

A sound motif is a sound effect or combination of sound effects which signal the entry of a certain character in a film or TV show. Sound motifs can be used to prepare the audience for the coming events after the arrival of the character.

In this case, the whistling is used as a sound motif to signal to the viewer that the killer is about to make an attack on his victim, this being the one who happens to be in the scene with him.

Sound bridging

A sound bridge is when the sound or dialogue from one scene carries over into the next. One good example of this is in Silence if the Lambs, where the phrase "Your Self Storage Facility" carries itself over to the next scene.

Uses and Audiences - Media Formats

Feature Films
Feature films are watched by different ranges of people, depending on the target audience of each film.
Many animated films are directed towards children, this being because of the creative aspects behind the animators, being able to make anything speak and move. This would appeal to children, especially in films such as Toy Story, Inside Out and Zootopia. 

However, there are animated feature films which do appeal to an older generation, which is important for the film industry. The reason that this is important is because, as much as the primary audience is young children, the secondary audience of these animated films can be teenagers, or even adults. For this reason, there must be either:
- animated films primarily targeted to teenagers and adults
or
-references and jokes within the animations which will appeal to older viewers, while being subtle enough that the young people won't catch on.

It is incredibly beneficial in terms of profit for the producers to target entire films towards teenagers and adults,as they will be just as interested in both kinds.

Some examples of animations which appeal to older audiences are
-Sausage Party
-Spirited Away
-Watership Down

Advertising
Advertising can be tailored to the viewing of any target audience, it is mainly the platform of the advert which gives it a specific audience.
For example, an advert placed on social media such as Instagram or Snapchat would be more suited to younger people like teenagers, whereas an advert placed on TV would have a larger appeal to older audiences. These adverts are predominantly made to inform the viewer.

Here are some examples of animated adverts:

Music Videos

Music Videos are targeted mainly towards younger generations of people, with music in recent times becoming more modernised to fit the demographic.

Large amounts of music videos are live action, however recently, some have been made using animation. The main purpose of these videos are to entertain the viewer.

Some examples of these are:

Aha - Take On Me 

Childish Gambino - Feels Like Summer

Computer Games

Computer Games are generally aimed at an audience of teenagers, ranging from 13-19, as well as some young adults. A lot of popular video games in the modern day revolve around similar ideas, with each "new" game managing to blow up more than the previous one. For this reason, games with different or unique ideas often get overlooked. The main genre of game in the modern day is first-person-shooters, and Battle Royale games. These are games which attract a massive audience ranging from young adults to younger children. Video games are made as a form of entertainment, to intrigue and interest as many people as they can. A huge amount of games now focus on the co-op aspects of the game. For example, the newest Call of Duty game, Black Ops 4 completely ditched the single player campaign for a multiplayer battle royale game-mode. Newer games such as Rocket League, Counter Strike: Global Offensive and Player Unknowns Battle Grounds have little attention to single player, in order to encourage co-operative gameplay. This can boost sales, if a friend recommends the game to someone else.

Websites

The general audience of websites can range depending on the theme of the website. For example, an online animated flash game website would be targeted towards younger users, mainly done by the cartoony graphics of the game.

Some examples of these websites are:

https://www.miniclip.com/games/en/

https://www.coolmathgames.com/

Online shopping websites such as Amazon, eBay and online supermarket sites are targeted at an older generation of people. The reason sites like these are successful is because it alleviates the effort of going out to pick up whatever it is you may be in need of.

https://www.amazon.co.uk/

https://www.ebay.co.uk/

YouTube and Twitch are two social networking sites which are not targeted at a specific audience, as there is something on them for everyone.

Television

Similar to most other examples, TV as a whole doesn't have a specific target audience, however the shows which are broadcast do. In terms of animation, the main animations are directed at children. This is again because of the bright colours and infinite possibility behind them. Some of these cartoons, however are still watched by teenagers ad adults, yet they aren't the main target audience. Because of this, to keep them viewing, the producers will include small references and innuendos to keep these viewers entertained. Some examples of these are: Spongebob, Fairly Odd Parents and Phineas and Ferb.